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[–] 16461752? ago 

part 1

-The relationship between mercury and autism: A comprehensive review and discussion

The brain pathology in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) indicates marked and ongoing inflammatory reactivity with concomitant neuronal damage. These findings are suggestive of neuronal insult as a result of external factors, rather than some type of developmental mishap. Various xenobiotics have been suggested as possible causes of this pathology. In a recent review, the top ten environmental compounds suspected of causing autism and learning disabilities were listed and they included: lead, methyl-mercury, polychorinated biphenyls, organophosphate pesticides, organochlorine pesticides, endocrine disruptors, automotive exhaust, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and perfluorinated compounds. This current review, however, will focus specifically on mercury exposure and ASD by conducting a comprehensive literature search of original studies in humans that examine the potential relationship between mercury and ASD, categorizing, summarizing, and discussing the published research that addresses this topic. This review found 91 studies that examine the potential relationship between mercury and ASD from 1999 to February 2016. Of these studies, the vast majority (74%) suggest that mercury is a risk factor for ASD, revealing both direct and indirect effects. The preponderance of the evidence indicates that mercury exposure is causal and/or contributory in ASD.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0946672X16300931

-Altered urinary porphyrins and mercury exposure as biomarkers for autism severity in Egyptian children with autism spectrum disorder

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder that affects social, communication, and behavioral development. Recent evidence supported but also questioned the hypothetical role of compounds containing mercury (Hg) as contributors to the development of ASD. Specific alterations in the urinary excretion of porphyrin-containing ring catabolites have been associated with exposure to Hg in ASD patients. In the present study, the level of urinary porphyrins, as biomarkers of Hg toxicity in children with ASD, was evaluated, and its correlation with severity of the autistic behavior further explored. A total of 100 children was enrolled in the present study. They were classified into three groups: children with ASD (40), healthy controls (40), and healthy siblings of the ASD children (20). Children with ASD were diagnosed using DSM-IV-TR, ADI-R, and CARS tests. Urinary porphyrins were evaluated within the three groups using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), after plasma evaluation of mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb) in the same groups. Results showed that children with ASD had significantly higher levels of Hg, Pb, and the porphyrins pentacarboxyporphyrin, coproporphyrin, precoproporphyrin, uroporphyrins, and hexacarboxyporphyrin compared to healthy controls and healthy siblings of the ASD children. However, there was no significant statistical difference in the level of heptacarboxyporphyrin among the three groups, while a significant positive correlation between the levels of coproporphyrin and precoproporphyrin and autism severity was observed. Mothers of ASD children showed a higher percentage of dental amalgam restorations compared to the mothers of healthy controls suggesting that high Hg levels in children with ASD may relate to the increased exposure to Hg from maternal dental amalgam during pregnancy and lactation. The results showed that the ASD children in the present study had increased blood Hg and Pb levels compared with healthy control children indicating that disordered porphyrin metabolism might interfere with the pathology associated with the autistic neurologic phenotype. The present study indicates that coproporphyrin and precoproporhyrin may be utilized as possible biomarkers for heavy metal exposure and autism severity in children with ASD.

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11011-016-9870-6

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[–] 16461754? ago 

>>12736432

part 2

-Toxicity biomarkers in autism spectrum disorder: a blinded study of urinary porphyrins.

''BACKGROUND:

  Recent studies suggest that children diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have significantly increased levels of urinary porphyrins associated with mercury (Hg) toxicity, including pentacarboxyporphyrin (5cxP), precoproporphyrin (prcP), and coproporphyrin (cP), compared to typically developing controls. However, these initial studies were criticized because the controls were not age- and gender-matched to the children diagnosed with an ASD.

METHODS:

  Urinary porphyrin biomarkers in a group of children (2-13 years of age) diagnosed with an ASD (n= 20) were compared to matched (age, gender, race, location, and year tested) group of typically developing controls (n= 20).

RESULTS:

  Participants diagnosed with an ASD had significantly increased levels of 5cxP, prcP, and cP in comparison to controls. No significant differences were found in non-Hg associated urinary porphyrins (uroporphyrins, hexacarboxyporphyrin, and heptacarboxyporphyrin). There was a significantly increased odds ratio for an ASD diagnosis relative to controls among study participants with precoproporphyrin (odds ratio = 15.5, P < 0.01) and coproporphyrin (odds ratio = 15.5, P < 0.01) levels in the second through fourth quartiles in comparison to the first quartile.

CONCLUSION:

  These results suggest that the levels of Hg-toxicity-associated porphyrins are higher in children with an ASD diagnosis than controls. Although the pattern seen (increased 5cxP, prcP, and cP) is characteristic of Hg toxicity, the influence of other factors, such as genetics and other metals cannot be completely ruled out.''

-Thimerosal Content in Some US Licensed Vaccines

http://vaccinesafety.edu/thi-table.htm

-Aluminum in vaccines and autism

-International scientists have found autism's cause. What will Americans do?

“…while the aluminium content of each of the 5 brains [of people with autism] was shockingly high it was the location of the aluminium in the brain tissue which served as the standout observation…The new evidence strongly suggests that aluminium is entering the brain in ASD [autism spectrum disorders] via pro-inflammatory cells which have become loaded up with aluminium in the blood and/or lymph, much as has been demonstrated for monocytes at injection sites for vaccines including aluminium adjuvants.”

” Retired University of Kentucky chemistry professor Boyd Haley, a mercury expert, noted years ago that toxicity from exposure to multiple metals is not additive but synergistic and that “no one can state what is a ‘safe’ level of…exposure without knowing the concentration of all other factors that may synergistically exacerbate…toxicity.”

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[–] 16461757? ago 

>>12736432

>>12736434

part 3

Synergism in aluminum and mercury neurotoxicity.

Aluminum and mercury are common neurotoxic contaminants in our environment - from the air we breathe to the water that we drink to the foods that we eat. It is remarkable that to date neither of these two well-established environmental neurotoxins (i.e. those having a general toxicity towards brain cells) and genotoxins (those agents which exhibit directed toxicity toward the genetic apparatus) have been critically studied, nor have their neurotoxicities been evaluated in human neurobiology or in cells of the human central nervous system (CNS). In this paper we report the effects of added aluminum [sulfate; Al₂(SO₄)₃] and/or mercury [sulfate; HgSO4] to human neuronal-glial (HNG) cells in primary co-culture using the evolution of the pro-inflammatory transcription factor NF-kB (p50/p65) complex as a critical indicator for the onset of inflammatory neurodegeneration and pathogenic inflammatory signaling. As indexed by significant induction of the NF-kB (p50/p65) complex the results indicate: (i) a notable increase in pro-inflammatory signaling imparted by each of these two environmental neurotoxins toward HNG cells in the ambient 20-200 nM range; and (ii) a significant synergism in the neurotoxicity when aluminum (sulfate) and mercury (sulfate) were added together. This is the first report on the neurotoxic effects of aluminum sulfate and/or mercury sulfate on the initiation of inflammatory signaling in human brain cells in primary culture. The effects aluminum+mercury together on other neurologically important signaling molecules or the effects of other combinations of common environmental metallic neurotoxins to human neurobiology currently remain not well understood but certainly warrant additional investigation and further study in laboratory animals, in human primary tissue cultures of CNS cells, and in other neurobiologically realistic experimental test systems.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29938114

-Mercury toxicity: Genetic susceptibility and synergistic effects

''It is well documented in the literature that mercury toxicity is synergistic with other heavy metals such as cadmium and lead. It is also known that certain antibiotics greatly enhance the toxicity of thimerosal in ocular solutions and that antibiotics prevent test animals from effectively excreting mercury. The major known difference between males and females is their hormones. We therefore investigated the possible involvement of aluminum cation (found in vaccines), antibiotics (neomycin) and male versus female (estrogen versus testosterone) on the toxic effects of 50 nanomolar (nM) thimerosal on neurons in culture. Neurons can be cultured for 24 hours without much

death (Fig. 6). Fifty nanomolar thimerosal alone (solid circles [●]) will cause the death of about 70% of the neurons within 24 hours. The synergistic effects of aluminum, neomycin and testosterone are shown (Fig. 6) and are as follows: Aluminum: Aluminum hydroxide alone (solid triangles [▲]) at 500 nM showed no significant death of cells at 6 hours, and only slight toxicity over the 24-hour period. Thimerosal at 50 nM effected only a slight increase in neuron death at 6 hours. However, in the presence of 50 nM thimerosal plus 500 nM aluminum hydroxide (open triangles [Δ]), the neuronal death increases to roughly 60%, an amazing increase and clearly demonstrates the synergistic effects of other metals on mercury toxicity and certainly thimerosal toxicity. ''

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237761013_Mercury_toxicity_Genetic_susceptibility_and_synergistic_effects

https://1796web.com/pdfs/haley.pdf

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[–] 16627986? ago 

AUTISM IS GENETIC

which means that the environmental factors are not meaningful

thats not how genes work.